- "Ignore the macho bravado you've overheard drunken marines spout at bars - especially those with no scars on their faces and all their limbs intact. They are cocky and alive because they haven't actually seen a xeno in real life. If they knew anything worthwhile about these things, they would be shaken and reserved. If you see a xeno, you do one thing: run. You don't stand a chance, you never did and you never will. You think you've got superior firepower in your hands? Use all your big and fancy toys to cover your escape, but get the hell out of there."
- ―Description of a Xenomorph (from Alien: The Roleplaying Game)
Xenomorph XX121,[3][4] commonly referred to as simply the Xenomorph[5], known colloquially as the Alien, and classified as XX121, is a highly aggressive endoparasitoid extraterrestrial species. The Xenomorphs are vicious predatory creatures with no higher goals than the propagation of their species and the destruction of any life that could pose a threat to them. Like wasps or bees, Xenomorphs are eusocial, with a fertile Queen breeding a host of subordinate castes. The creatures are known for their potent acidic blood and their pharyngeal jaws, although their biological life cycle, in which their offspring are implanted inside living hosts before erupting violently from their chests, is in many ways their signature aspect.
Aside from their repeated conflicts with humans, Xenomorphs have notably been associated with the Yautja, who know them as kainde amedha ("hard meat").[6] The Yautja revere the creatures as incredibly dangerous and thus highly worthy prey, notably employing them in initiation Hunts that serve to test young members of their society and mark their progression into adulthood.[7]
Characteristics
- "I stared into the sun. I stared into the creature's eyes. And what did I see? Nothing. It has no eyes. Neither of us have now. I saw nothing. No devil. No ultimate evil. No ultimate anything. Just bland, indifferent destruction. No more demonic than an earthquake or a plague. There is no devil. There is no god."
- ―Ann McKay describing a Xenomorph (from Aliens: Sacrifice)
Xenomorphs are primarily solitary ambush predators, although they have been known to adopt swarm tactics when acting in larger groups. Despite their voracious ability to kill, they often seek to take their victims alive to be hosts for more Xenomorphs; victims are taken to the Hive (or simply a secluded location if no Hive exists), cocooned and/or immobilized before being impregnated with a Xenomorph embryo. However, when their target becomes a threat or is deemed unsuitable for harvest, the Xenomorph will not hesitate to quickly dispatch the chosen host.
Appearance
Notably, Xenomorphs will alter their physical appearance during development depending on the physiology of the host in which they gestate – in all likelihood, this incorporation of physical traits gleaned from the host is designed to ensure the adult creature is better suited to the environment in which it will find itself. This ability to alter its form based on the host's physical attributes occurs at a cellular level and has been referred to as the "DNA reflex".[8] Historically, most Xenomorphs encountered have typically gestated inside human hosts, and therefore adopt a basically bipedal, humanoid stance, but other variations born from a wide variety of different host organisms have been seen, and as a result feature varying physical appearances. Perhaps the most notable of these variations is the "Predalien", the result of a Xenomorph gestating inside a Yautja. However, regardless of any physical variation resulting from the host, Xenomorphs always possess certain distinctive, trademark characteristics.
Outwardly, they are encased in a tough mesoskeleton,[9] lending them a skeletal, biomechanical appearance, and are usually colored in muted shades of black, blue or bronze. The outer shell is incredibly resilient, impervious not only to the creature's own potent acid blood, but also capable of withstanding some forms of small arms fire.[9] Whatever organism a Xenomorph gestates within, they invariably possess distinctive, elongated, cylindrical skulls, but have no visible facial features other than their mouth. The carapace atop the head has been seen to vary, from smooth and vaguely translucent to ridged and opaque. It has been proposed that this difference is part of a maturation process, and that younger Drones possess the smoother, domed carapace, while older ones feature ridges. Notably, ridges are often visible beneath the smooth dome of Drones.
The Xenomorphs' primary weapon is their inner pharyngeal jaw, which is capable of shooting from their mouth like a piston with sufficient power to smash through bone and metal.[10][7] In fact, a common tactic used by the creatures to eliminate prey is to restrain the victim with their hands, immobilizing them, before killing them with a precision jaw strike to the head, piercing through the skull and penetrating the brain; this form of attack is colloquially known as a "Headbite".[11] On several occasions, Xenomorphs have been seen to suspend the corpses of those that they kill from ceilings.[10][12]
Xenomorphs have segmented, blade-tipped tails. The sharp tip has been seen to vary from a small, scorpion-like barb[10] to a larger, flat blade.[7][13] Despite their seemingly flimsy physical construction, the creature's tail makes for an incredibly potent weapon, strong enough to impale and lift a Yautja from the floor with seemingly little effort. The tails have been used variously as stabbing, slashing and blunt force trauma weapons.[10][13] Above the tails, the creature possesses several dorsal spines on its back, typically consisting of two pairs – a larger upper pair and a smaller lower pair – often with a fifth, sharper spine in the center below the base of the head. The exact purpose of these tubes is unclear.
As a result of the DNA reflex, Xenomorphs have appeared as both plantigrade and digitigrade organisms, usually in accordance with their host. For example, human- and Yautja-spawned Xenomorphs typically possess humanoid hind limbs and walk upright, while Xenomorph's spawned from quadrupedal hosts (referred to as "Runners") sport double-jointed hind legs and move predominantly on all fours. The Cloned Xenomorphs created aboard the USM Auriga also possessed digitigrade legs despite spawning from human hosts, perhaps as a result of imperfections and cross-contamination in the cloning process.
Physical abilities
- "Men consider it evil, but it is simply doing what it does. That it does it so well is where the fear lies."
- ―Eloise, regarding the Xenomorph (from Aliens: Purge)
When standing upright, Xenomorphs are vaguely bipedal in form, though they adopt a more hunched stance when walking or sprinting and are equally adept at moving on all four limbs, even in instances where the host was a bipedal lifeform, such as humans. They are quite capable of running and crawling along ceilings and walls[12][13] and are expert jumpers. They possess great physical strength, having been known to break through metal vent covers and welded steel doors with little effort,[13][14] and even of breaking down reinforced pressurized doors over time.[15] Their large clawed talons are more than capable of tearing humans apart, while their primary jaws are capable of producing a bite strength estimated at 6,000 psi.[16]
- "You've heard of the extinct marine mollusk, Octopus vulgaris? It grew to lengths of over three meters, but could slither it's way through a crack the width of your union card. Linguafoeda Acheronsis' abilities put even the octopus to shame."
- ―Gropius Lysenko, regarding Xenomorphs (from Aliens: Havoc)
While tall in stature, and biomechanical in appearance, Xenomorphs have been known to camouflage themselves against their surroundings by fitting into, and crawling through, tight spaces or integrating themselves into the bonelike walls of the chambers they build and "unfolding" out of them. Xenomorphs also do not radiate heat, and their body heat matches the ambient temperature of the environment in which they are found.[13][7] Adverse extremes of temperature appear to have little, if any, affect on their physical prowess. In fact, physiologically they are incredibly hardy creatures – aside from being unaffected by temperature extremes that would quickly incapacitate or kill a human, they are capable of surviving in the hard vacuum of space, at least for a limited period of time.[17] In order to succeed in their attack on enemy human vessels, the Rage equipped attacking Xenomorphs with breathing apparatus, suggesting that the creatures do require some form of atmosphere to survive for extended periods in space. One Alien on Fiorina 161 was even known to survive several tons of molten lead being poured onto it.[12]
Senses
Xenomorphs notably lack lens-based, photosensitive visual organs. However, studies by Lasalle Bionational and Weyland-Yutani have shown that they nonetheless possess several keen senses. First and foremost, the creatures have sensory structures along the sides of their extended skulls that are capable of perceiving atmospheric vibrations (sound).[18] Given the lengthy structure of the head, which gives the creature a wide field of "hearing", this is thought to be the Xenomorph's primary means of rationalizing its environment, a form of biological sonar similar to that employed by terrestrial bats.[9] The creatures are also capable of detecting heat via highly sensitive thermoreactive organs located behind the skull's frontal plate – which is itself constructed of the unusual C60 carbon-lattice, known to demonstrate exceptional conductive properties.[18] This, coupled with a highly developed olfactory sense, is thought to be how Xenomorphs locate their prey.[9] Their sensitivity to pheromone signals would also help to explain why the Yautja Cloak is ineffective against them. Finally, despite the absence of traditional ocular organs, Xenomorphs possess largely vestigial photosensitive organs flanking the frontal plate; these rudimentary visual receptors are thought to grant the creature the necessary depth perception required when attacking prey.[18] It is possible they also aid the creatures in seeing each other, as Xenomorphs produce no notable body heat, a fact that would otherwise render them blind to their thermal receptors.[13][18]
During tests, Lasalle personnel discovered that it is possible to stun Xenomorph specimens through the use of a low-intensity ultrasound pulse, rendering them completely inert and relatively safe for manipulation and study.[19] This discovery led to the development of weapons effective at disabling Xenomorphs, such as the Sound Cannon.[20]
According to the research of Dr. Paul Church, the Xenomorph has a "psychic receiver" organ at the front of its head lined with compound cells of fullerite-encased hurlantium. The internal structure is solid neurons in two binary very dense fans. The fullerite and hurlantium pick up E-waves and the binary fans create interference patterns from electromagnetic fields. This allows the Alien to receive brainwaves and enables it to assess another animal's physical characteristics by seeing its subtle body. That is why strong electromagnetic fields affect the Aliens.
Furthermore, this organ atrophies when the Alien is in captivity.
Xenomorphs seemingly possess an acute sensory bond with one another, something that develops during early gestation within a host. This allows them to keep track of not only each other, but active hosts, too.[21]
Blood and secretions
- See also: Xenomorph blood
Xenomorph blood is an extremely potent and concentrated molecular acid that can corrode on contact almost any substance with alarming speed. It is dull yellowish-green in color. The blood is in fact a component in a biological "battery" that provides the creatures with their energy,[18] and seems to be pressurized inside the body so that it spurts out when wounded, as a defensive measure. This blood can prove incredibly problematic when encountering Xenomorphs aboard a starship, as using traditional firearms or explosives to attack the creature will potentially cause its blood to leak out in sufficient quantity to eat through the hull of the ship.[22]
In some instances, Xenomorphs have been known to be conscious of the effects of their acidic blood, and even exploit it to their advantage – aboard the USM Auriga, the Lead Alien and another Cloned Xenomorph successfully escaped their containment cell by eviscerating a third, causing its acid blood to melt through the floor of the cage. Similarly, Xenomorphs on Bouvet Island, led by Grid, freed their Queen by slashing and cutting her, causing her blood to melt the chains that restrained her. Some forms of the Xenomorph have been known to "spit" acid, either as a tool or a form of attack. For example, Facehuggers have been known to regurgitate a small amount of acid to melt through obstructions between them and a potential host, such as the faceplate of a spacesuit helmet.[10] This spitting ability has also been exhibited offensively by adult Xenomorphs; much like a spitting cobra, the creatures will spit acid to blind and incapacitate their victims rather than kill them outright.[12][14] Despite their own immunity to their blood, Xenomorphs are vulnerable to hydrofluoric acid, which was used against them to great effect on LV-178.[23]
Xenomorph Drones can also produce a thick, strong resin (vomited from their mouths[24]) that they use to build their Hives and to cocoon their victims. This substance has the added effect of paralyzing their victims when regurgitated over their nose and/or mouth, making it easier for the creatures to move them to the Hive for implantation.[25]
Intelligence, communication, and behavior
- "A Xenomorph might attack an armed group, but it will attack a single person for sure."
- ―Bishop (from Alien: Bloodlines)
The Xenomorph's level of sentience is a matter of some debate.[9] However, it is clear that they are clever and tenacious hunters. While Xenomorphs have not been known to tend crops, or fashion tools, they seem to understand something about human utilities. On more than one occasion, they have incapacitated electrical systems, leaving humans in the dark and vulnerable to attack.[26] Moreover, the Hadley's Hope and USM Auriga incidents both showed that the species excels at observational learning and problem solving.[13][14] In both cases, Xenomorphs managed to learn how to operate the machinery of their mechanized environments at a very basic level. On Acheron, the Xenomorphs were able to cut the power to a section of the complex to allow themselves access to their human prey, while the Queen was able to learn how to operate an elevator simply by observing it once. It has even been suggested that the Queen may have established her "nest" at the colony's main Atmosphere Processing Plant due to some understanding that such a sensitive location would afford her a degree of protection – any attackers would be unable to destroy her and her Hive without also destroying the entire facility. However, others have suggested her choice of location may simply have been the result of her selecting the warmest part of the base in which to make her nest. On the USM Auriga, captive Xenomorphs were able to use blood from one of their own kind to melt through their enclosure and escape. The Xenomorphs in the Yautja pyramid beneath Bouvet Island used a similar strategy to free their Queen from her chains.
- "Bastards can't even operate doors. They chew on cables sometimes though."
- ―PFC Garcia (from Alien: Into Charybdis)
It has been theorized that the intelligence of individual Xenomorphs may be influenced by the host.[27] At the very least, the creatures can apparently inherit some degree of basic instinctual urges from their host, as seen when a Predalien on BG-386 was witnessed tearing a skull from a human corpse as a trophy, matching common behavior exhibited by the Yautja creatures from which the Predalien was spawned.[28] With the distinct exception of the "Newborn" aboard the USM Auriga, Xenomorphs have demonstrated little actual emotion, save for basic self-preservation and protective instincts toward their Eggs and the Queen.
The means by which Xenomorphs communicate amongst themselves is unclear, although it is apparent from their behavior that they possess the ability to do so. While Xenomorphs are able to vocalize a variety of hisses and screeches, it seems probable that the majority of their communication is performed through some other means, possibly involving the use of pheromone release or ultrasound. Weyland-Yutani scientists have gone as far as proposing the creatures are bioelectrically "networked" in a collective hive consciousness, allowing for near instantaneous communication, simultaneous learning and unified action among all the individuals in a Hive.[9]
The creatures possess a unique ability to inherit memories genetically, passed down from one generation to another. These memories go far beyond mere base instinct, and can include recollections of very specific events witnessed by earlier generations.[29] According to Dr. Wren of the United Systems Military, the purpose of this genetic memory ability is to ensure the species remains intact regardless of "the differing characteristics they might have to adopt from their varied hosts."[30] On the other hand, Ash commented that Xenomorphs are "perfect organisms" with the only match to their structural perfection being their unmatched hostility. He even said they have an admirable purity, describing them as survivors "unclouded by conscience, remorse, or delusions of morality." Karl Bishop Weyland made a similar comment, describing Xenomorphs as "uncompromised by remorse or pity", with their ruthlessness putting that of human beings to utter shame.
It has been proposed that pheromone detection and the scent of their prey's fear when confronted may determine the behavior and hostility of Xenomorphs during their attacks. Documented study appears to indicate that Xenomorphs may perform excruciating, bloody kills when sensing that their victim is terrified by their presence (Lambert's death aboard the USCSS Nostromo being an example), while cleaner, faster kills take place when the prey either does not notice the Xenomorph or is less aware of its presence.[31] It also seems that pheromone detection may help Xenomorphs to locate their prey, and that, since synthetics do not possess such chemicals, the Xenomorphs usually tend to ignore them as long as they are not disturbed.
They make few vocalizations beyond snarls and high-pitched shrieks when in pain or attacking. They regularly hiss while active, but are otherwise silent, particularly when stalking prey.
According to the research of Dr. Paul Church, the Alien also has an enormously complex neurological structure in the dorsal region of its head. He suspected this is what the Alien has instead of a brain.[32]
Sex
The question of the Xenomorph's biological sex is heavily debated. However, the preeminent theory is that the species is hermaphroditic[33] if not exclusively female, although even this definition is somewhat speculative as it remains unclear if individual Xenomorphs possess any sexual organs in the traditional sense. Despite this, Queens are often referred to as female (due to their role as egg-layers and general overseers of Xenomorph Hives, comparable to similar female castes in the insect kingdom), although the strict accuracy of this definition is uncertain and it is often simply a matter of convenience.
Certain Yautja have been known to refer to the species collectively as all-female, although it is possible this is simply out of convenience or due to linguistic limitations.[28] Trixie, a "pet" Xenomorph owned by Col. Dr. Church was commonly referred to as "he" or "him", although it is unknown if these pronouns corresponded with the organism's actual sex. The Rogue was also referred to as male, although given that it was the result of extensive genetic tampering and the splicing of human DNA, this definition is unlikely to be an accurate representation of the species' sex.
Diet
Little is known regarding the Xenomorph's diet. The fact that their blood generates the energy they use to power their bodies[18] means they may not require traditional sustenance at all. Events at Hadley's Hope on Acheron seem to imply the Xenomorphs do not use the humans they capture as a food source, as Colonial Marines who entered the Hive there found it to be littered with the corpses of colonists used as hosts, none of whom showed any sign of having been consumed, in whole or in part, despite the fact they had been cocooned for some time.[13] Similarly, Marines from the USS Sephora found evidence that even bodies left cocooned for as long as 17 weeks were not desecrated or devoured in any way following death.
Further contradictory evidence demonstrates the precise opposite: for one, the Dragon on Fiorina 161 was apparently seen to eat at least some of the humans that it killed.[12] The inmate Walter Golic, who witnessed an attack by the Xenomorph and escaped, also subsequently claimed that the creature "feeds on minds"[12] (although owing to his delusional state, it is unclear how accurate this statement may be; he could simply have misinterpreted a Headbite as a form of feeding). In Gunnison, Colorado, Warriors were seen to feed on their victims.[34] On New Galveston, hosts were known to be used as a source of food for the Hive once the embryos inside them had been born,[35] and Xenomorphs on BG-386 were also occasionally seen to feed on humans they had attacked, sometimes while they were still alive.[28]
It is possible that the Xenomorph's blood generates enough energy to support the creature in a state of low or moderate activity, but that food helps it replenish energy after it has been expended after a fight, chase, or any other demanding activity, thus providing an explanation for both occurrences.
Life Cycle
- Main article: Xenomorph life cycle
The Xenomorph life cycle is a complex process comprising several distinct stages. The creature begins its life as an Ovomorph,[36] or Egg, laid by a Queen, which hatches a parasitoid larval form known as a Facehugger, which in turn "impregnates" a living host with an embryo known as a Chestburster. After a gestation period of several hours, the Chestburster erupts violently from the host's chest, resulting in the death of the host. The Chestburster rapidly matures to an adult phase (within a matter of hours or even minutes in some cases), shedding its skin as it grows and replacing its cells with polarized silicon.[10] Due to the DNA reflex, horizontal gene transfer during the gestation period leads the adult Xenomorph to take on some of the basic physical attributes of the host from which it was born.
The Xenomorph life cycle bears similarities to that of certain parasitoid insect species found on Earth. Its use of a living host as an incubator for the developing infant is arguably the creature's most well-known physical attribute.
Society
- "I admire its purity. A survivor... unclouded by conscience, remorse, or delusions of morality."
- ―Ash, admiring the Alien
Xenomorphs operate under a caste system, with groups of specialized individuals performing distinct tasks within the species. It is not clear to what degree these castes are subject to a social hierarchy, although certain Xenomorph types, notably the Praetorians and the Queens, clearly exercise some degree of control and superiority over other more common variations.
While individual Xenomorphs have been known to operate independently, owing to their tendency to reproduce rapidly and in large numbers they are more commonly encountered in groups and often likened to an infestation owing to their tendency to spread and consume all suitable host organisms in an area. As with many other eusocial organisms, Xenomorphs, particularly in larger groups, will create a central nest or Hive in which they will reside, often overseen by an Egg-laying Queen. Raiding parties will be sent out into the surrounding area to search for and capture more hosts, which will then be brought to the Hive and used to create more Xenomorphs. In larger infestations, smaller "satellite" Hives may be created, containing just a few Xenomorphs, allowing victims to be cocooned and impregnated even far away from the Queen herself.[28]
Genetic Offshoots
- "The theory was, of course, that aliens without a controlling queen would branch off into different packs. Breeding might (and apparently did) give rise to bugs with recessive traits. If these bugs were allowed to continue to breed, the result would be a new race… and hurry over to start up a new hive, complete with a new queen."
- ―Aliens: Genocide
In the event a Queen is killed, the hive prioritizes the creation of a new Queen. In the meantime, genetic drift may occur in remaining aliens, making them "freaks" and "mutants" to the parent strain. This new strain typically doesn't exist for very long, as the new Queen will instruct her brood to destroy them, but rarely new strains are able to take root and then duel with other hives in vicious, planet-wide civil wars between hives.[37]
Origins
While the exact origins of the Xenomorph XX121 have never been definitively determined, there have been several conflicting accounts of their origins and several notable theories on their beginnings have gained widespread recognition. The creature being artificially created by using Chemical A0-3959X.91 – 15 is the most probable cause of their origin.
Unnatural Lifeform
Perhaps the most prominent of these is that they are not a natural creature, but were created artificially to act as a biological weapon of war by another, technologically advanced race.[38] Evidence suggested to support this includes the Xenomorph's general biomechanical biology and appearance, as well as the perceived "perfection" of their physical nature. Various individuals have proposed that the Engineers may be the race that created the Xenomorph, especially given their known propensity for advanced bio-weapons (including Chemical A0-3959X.91 – 15), although another (less widely-accepted) theory is that the Yautja may have been responsible, owing to their close and lengthy association with the creatures.[39]
Following the android David unleashing the Chemical A0-3959X.91 – 15 mutagen on the Engineer homeworld, the local fauna and fungi were affected and led to the formation of certain fungus-like growths that upon being disturbed released tiny, insect-like spores that infected any and all animal life, leading to the gestation of Neomorphs. Converting an Engineer temple into a laboratory, David began conducting experiments studying the mutagenic properties of Chemical A0-3959X.91 – 15 on the indigenous life of Planet 4 and tissue samples taken from deceased Engineers, Neomorphs, and Elizabeth Shaw. Over the course of a decade, David was able to hybridize various strains of Neomorph with Shaw's mutated eggs to create Ovomorphs carrying Facehuggers that produced a non-biomechanical strain of the Xenomorph. David infiltrated the USCSS Covenant colony ship intending to continue his experiments using the crew and colonists,[40] with the desired end result being the creation of a Queen. Whether the biomechanical Xenomorph XX121 was created by David as a direct result of further experimentation or "naturally" evolved from the Covenant strain, or even if they existed in some form prior to David's experiments, is unknown. However, the third origin is more likely due the existence of the millennia-old derelict and it's ancient cargo of Xenomorph Eggs.
Origins in the Expanded Universe
Natural Creation
Some sources in the expanded universe dictate that the Xenomorph is as natural as any other creature, fitting into an ecosystem where it has creatures that prey on it, thus keeping its population in check. Its hard carapace is the result of a harsh and unforgiving world as are its violent ways, which are described as "brutally practical". Its world, from the moment it is born to the moment it dies, is violence and death, either giving or getting. When removed from this system, however, is when they become truly dangerous as nothing keeps their numbers in check.
Human Study
- "The Company never missed an opportunity to make a profit. Unfortunately, they had failed to consider the drawbacks of this particular ultra-deadly bioweapon: the aliens didn't kill on command, or for a nation, or a cause, or any reason at all - they just killed. They were animals that behaved like a disease, one that had no vaccine, no treatment, no cure"
- ―Alien 3: The Unproduced Screenplay (novel))
Due to its unique biological makeup and perceived perfection, the Xenomorph has long been the target of extensive and at times ruthless human research. Notable leaders in this field include the Weyland-Yutani Corporation, the Grant Corporation, Lasalle Bionational and the Z.C.T. Corporation. The goals of this research range from simple understanding to the development of new alloys and vaccines to fully-fledged weaponization of the creatures and/or their biology.[14] Owing to the Xenomorph's extreme aggression, intelligence and lethality, attempts at human study have often resulted in catastrophic containment failures and extreme loss of life. On a more practical level, creatures' potent acidic blood renders dissection problematic. However, researchers at Lasalle have developed reliable methods for carrying out such procedures – after stunning the creatures with ultrasound, they are suspended in a saturated solution of powerful neutralizing agents that counteract the creature's acidic blood. Dissection can then be carried out using remote sensor arms with tight-beam xenon-focussed cutting lasers.[19]
Despite the inherent dangers involved in studying them, organizations remain committed in their attempts to unravel the creature's mysterious and complex biology and bend it to humanity's requirements.
Non-canon Depictions
Alien 2: On Earth
The Alien in the non-canon sequel Alien 2: On Earth differs considerably from that seen in the original Alien (and the rest of the official franchise). Its infant form bursts out of the victim's face rather than the chest (leading some fans to christen it the "Faceburster"), while in its adult form it is shown to be a shape-shifting creature that attempts to assimilate other lifeforms. It is composed mainly of long tails/tentacles with which it has the ability to decapitate victims. As a parasitic lifeform, the alien seeks to absorb and assimilate any nearby lifeform, in order to gain shelter and adapt itself to virtually any environment that can sustain complex, multi-cellular life. In essence, it is closer to the titular Thing from the franchise of the same name than any kind of Xenomorph from the officially licensed Alien franchise.
Behind the Scenes
Concept and creation
The script for the 1979 film Alien was initially drafted by Dan O'Bannon and Ronald Shusett.[41] Dan O'Bannon drafted an opening in which the crew of a mining ship are sent to investigate a mysterious message on an alien planet. He eventually settled on the threat being an alien creature; however, he could not conceive of an interesting way for it to get onto the ship. Inspired after waking from a dream, Shusett said, "I have an idea: the monster screws one of them,"[41] planting its seed in his body, and then bursting out of his chest. Both realized the idea had never been done before, and it subsequently became the core of the film.[41] "This is a movie about alien interspecies rape," O'Bannon said in the documentary Alien Evolution. "That's scary because it hits all of our buttons."[42] O'Bannon felt that the symbolism of "homosexual oral rape" was an effective means of discomforting male viewers.[43]
Prior to writing the script to Alien, O'Bannon had been working in France for Chilean cult director Alejandro Jodorowsky's planned adaptation of Frank Herbert's classic science-fiction novel Dune. Also hired for the project was Swiss surrealist artist H. R. Giger. Giger showed O'Bannon his nightmarish, monochromatic artwork, which left O'Bannon deeply disturbed. "I had never seen anything that was quite as horrible and at the same time as beautiful as his work," he remembered later.[44] The Dune film collapsed, but O'Bannon would remember Giger when Alien was greenlit, and suggested to director Ridley Scott that he be brought on to design the Alien, saying that if he were to design a monster, it would be truly original.[41]
After O'Bannon handed him a copy of Giger's book Necronomicon, Scott immediately saw the potential for Giger's designs, and chose Necronom IV, a painting Giger completed in 1976, as the basis for the Alien's design, citing its beauty and strong sexual overtones. That the creature could just as easily have been male or female was also a strong factor in the decision to use it. "It could just as easily fuck you before it killed you", said associate producer Ivor Powell, "[which] made it all the more disconcerting."[45] Fox was initially wary of allowing Giger onto the project, saying that his works would be too disturbing for audiences, but eventually relented. Giger initially offered to completely design the Alien from scratch, but Scott mandated that he base his work on Necronom IV, saying that to start over from the beginning would be too time-consuming. Giger signed on to design the adult, egg and chestburster forms, but ultimately also designed the alien planetoid Acheron and the Space Jockey alien vessel.[41]
Giger conceived the Alien as being vaguely human but a human in full armor, protected from all outside forces. He mandated that the creature have no eyes, because he felt that it made them much more frightening if you could not tell they were looking at you.[45] Giger also gave the Alien's mouth a second inner set of pharyngeal jaws located at the tip of a long, tongue-like proboscis which could extend rapidly for use as a weapon. His design for the creature was heavily influenced by an aesthetic he had created and termed biomechanical, a fusion of the organic and the mechanic.[42] The creature deliberately evokes many sexual images, both male and female, to illustrate a blurring of human sexual dichotomy. His mock-up of the Alien was created using parts from an old Rolls Royce car, rib bones and the vertebrae from a snake, molded with plasticine. Originally, the creature was to be translucent, but after problems with the fragile see-through suits tearing the idea was scrapped,[46] although the translucent concept was retained for the dome on the creature's skull. The final Alien's animatronic head, which contained 900 moving parts, was designed and constructed by special effects designer Carlo Rambaldi.[41] The creature's mouth tendons were created from shredded and stretched condoms, while its teeth were made from polished steel.[22] Giger and Rambaldi would both go on to win the 1980 Academy Award for Visual Effects for their design of the Alien.
Scott decided on the man-in-suit approach for creating the creature onscreen. Initially circus performers were tried, then multiple actors together in the same costume, but neither proved scary. Deciding that the creature would be scarier the closer it appeared to a human, Scott decided that a single, very tall, very thin man be used. Scott was inspired by a photograph of Leni Riefenstahl standing next to a 6'4" (1.94 m) Nubian.[47] The casting director found 7'2" (2.18 m), rail-thin graphic designer Bolaji Badejo in a local pub. Badejo went to tai chi and mime classes to learn how to slow down his movements.[41]
A cultured Alien
O'Bannon's original concept for the Alien was that it was a member of an advanced civilization, an idea ultimately dropped in favor of a more simplistic, animalistic take. In his initial vision, the final form of the adult Alien was in fact part of a peaceful, cultured race who first had to pass through a period of adolescence, at which stage they were consumed with ferocious violence and aggression.[48] The creature's incredibly complicated reproductive cycle would form the basis of a religion the species followed, involving the use of sacrificial hosts to breed more young inside ornate, ritualistic pyramids. After birth, the violent adolescent creatures would be tended to by the more docile adults, but when those adults were wiped out by an unknown event, the unborn children were left dormant for thousands or even millions of years, waiting for more hosts to arrive.[48] It would be one of these hyper-aggressive, untended adolescents that would stalk the crew of the Nostromo.
- "In Dan's original conception the Alien race had three entirely different stages in its life-cycle. First, the egg, which is tended by third-stage adults and housed in a lower chamber of the breeding temple. When ready to hatch, the egg is placed in the middle of a sacrificial stone and a lower animal, the equivalent of an Alien cow, is then led on to the stone. Sensing the warmth, the Facehugger springs out, attaches itself to the animal and deposits a fetus into the stomach. The Facehugger soon drops off and the fetus develops inside, eventually chewing its way out and killing its host. This creature, the Chestburster, is the Alien's second stage, and it simply runs about eating, mindlessly carnivorous. At this stage the creature is still controlled and nurtured by adult Aliens, until the Chestburster begins losing appendages and becomes more and more harmless. Finally – its bloodlust gone – the Alien becomes a mild, intelligent creature, capable of art and architecture, which lives a full, scholarly life of 200 years. At some point a cataclysm causes the extermination of the adults of this unique race leaving no one to tend and nurture the young. But in a dark lower chamber of the breeding temple a large number of eggs lie dormant, waiting to sense something warm."
- ―Ron Cobb on the Alien civilization envisioned by O'Bannon.[48]
The entire concept of an advanced civilization was dropped from the finished film, while the pyramid or silo where the Eggs were originally to be found was simply merged with the derelict.
Evolution
Throughout the films and games of the franchise, the Xenomorph design has changed, either subtly or significantly, with each appearance. Most obviously, the original Alien's distinctive domed skull was changed to a ribbed design for Aliens, largely because director James Cameron preferred the look of the exposed ridges, which were originally going to be covered with a carapace similar to that in the first film. Cameron was also concerned the smooth carapace may crack or break under the rigors of filming, and so it was dropped from the design. The smooth head style returned in Alien3, Alien Resurrection and Alien vs. Predator, but reverted to a ridged style in Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem.
Similarly, the creature has been portrayed with a fluctuating number of fingers. In Alien, the Alien has webbed, six fingered hands. The number of fingers is reduced to three in Aliens, and are shown to be much longer and more skeletal. In Alien Resurrection, the number of digits is increased to four, with two long middle fingers and a pair of thumbs. This design was retained in the Alien vs. Predator films, though the hands were made bulkier to make the Xenomorphs seem more formidable against the Predators.[49]
Name
For many years, the creature had no specific name, and was referred to most often on screen, and in the credits of each film, simply as the Alien. However, the term "Xenomorph" (lit. "alien form" – from the Greek xeno-, meaning "foreign/alien", and -morph, meaning "form") is used by Lieutenant Gorman in Aliens[13] and by Ellen Ripley in the extended Special Edition of Alien3.[5] Although the word was likely intended to be a generic term that could apply to any alien lifeform, it has been adopted by fans[50] and used in merchandising[51] as a convenient name for the creature. It is often abbreviated to Xeno, particularly in video games based on the series, where Colonial Marines typically refer to the creatures as such.[28]
Many other oblique terms have been assigned to the Xenomorph. The creatures have been variously labelled encephalopods,[52] serpents,[7] hornets,[53] and dragons,[12] and have also been referred to by less specific terms such as organism,[10] creature,[13] beast,[12] monster,[13] demon,[54] or simply a thing.[10] The Xenomorphs are also commonly referred to as "bugs" in expanded universe media,[55] especially by Colonial Marines,[28] while scientists in the novel Alien: The Cold Forge take to calling them "snatchers".[56] Ash in Alien even refers to the creature in the film as "Kane's son", after the crew member in whom it incubated.[10] On occasion, specific Aliens have been given more distinct names, such as the main Xenomorph from Alien vs. Predator, which is listed in the movie's credits as "Grid" after a grid-like wound received during the film,[7] or "Specimen 6" from the video game Aliens vs. Predator.[28] The species' binomial name has been given as either Internecivus raptus (meant as "murderous thief") in several home video releases[57][9] or Linguafoeda acheronsis (meant as "foul tongue from Acheron")[58] in some comic books.[59]
In was not until 2014 that the creature received the official designation Xenomorph XX121, coined by S. D. Perry for Alien: The Weyland-Yutani Report (although it first appeared in the novel Alien: Sea of Sorrows, which was published several months prior to Perry's book).
Cultural impact
In the years since the release of Alien, the Alien has become one of the world's most recognized movie monsters and a pop-cultural icon. In 2003, the Alien was voted as the 14th most memorable screen villain by the American Film Institute.[60] The design has gone on to influence countless creatures in other media; examples of Alien-inspired works include the classic video games Contra[61] and Metroid.[62]
- "I'd like to see someone even vaguely compile how many versions of the Alien are floating around the world in models and stuff; there must be close to 100,000 – little toys, things. All the Japanese horror comics just plunder [Giger's] style."
- ―Chris Stein, co-founder of Blondie and friend of Giger, on the Alien's influence[63]
The Aliens have appeared in many crossovers (including a large number of intercompany crossovers) in comic books and other media such as novels, toys, and video games. Crossovers include encounters with Terminators, Judge Dredd, Green Lanterns, Batman, and Superman. The largest of these crossovers is the Alien vs. Predator franchise, in which the Aliens battle the Predators. This was an idea that came to comic book artist Chris Warner in early 1989. He and other people at Dark Horse Comics were trying to come up with a good character combo for a new comics series. Dark Horse had been publishing Aliens comic books under license from 20th Century Fox since 1987. In 1990, the first depiction of the idea in film appeared in Predator 2, when an Alien skull, sculpted by Kevin Hudson,[64] appeared as one of the trophies in the Predator spacecraft.
See Also
References
- ↑ Aliens: Fireteam Elite
- ↑ Steve Perry, Stephani Perry. Aliens vs. Predator: Prey, p. 3 (1994), Bantam Spectra.
- ↑ James A. Moore. Alien: Sea of Sorrows, p. 65 (2014), Titan Books.
- ↑ S. D. Perry. Alien: The Weyland-Yutani Report, p. 2 (2014), Insight Editions.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Vincent Ward (writer), David Fincher (director). Alien3 Special Edition (2003), 20th Century Fox [DVD].
- ↑ Steve Perry, Stephani Perry. Aliens vs. Predator: Prey, p. 3 (1994), Bantam Spectra.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Paul W. S. Anderson (writer and director). Alien vs. Predator (2004), 20th Century Fox [DVD].
- ↑ Sandy Schofield. Aliens: Rogue, p. 63 (1995), Bantam Spectra.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 Weyland-Yutani Archives (2008), 20th Century Fox [Blu-ray]
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 Dan O'Bannon, Ronald Shusett (writers), Ridley Scott (director). Alien (1979), 20th Century Fox [DVD].
- ↑ Tim Bogenn. Aliens vs. Predator: Bradygames Official Strategy Guide, p. 25 (2010), DK/BradyGames.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 12.6 12.7 Vincent Ward (writer), David Fincher (director). Alien3 (1992), 20th Century Fox [DVD].
- ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 James Cameron (writer and director). Aliens (1986), 20th Century Fox [DVD].
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Joss Whedon (writer), Jean-Pierre Jeunet (director). Alien Resurrection (1997), 20th Century Fox [DVD].
- ↑ James Cameron (writer and director). Aliens Special Edition (1991), 20th Century Fox [LaserDisc].
- ↑ S. D. Perry. Alien: The Weyland-Yutani Report, p. 22 (2014), Insight Editions.
- ↑ Alien: Isolation, Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One version, Creative Assembly, 2014.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 Dave Hughes, Lee Brimmicombe-Wood. Aliens, Vol. 2 #11, p. 31 (1993), Dark Horse International.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Dave Hughes, Lee Brimmicombe-Wood. Aliens, Vol. 2 #11, p. 30 (1993), Dark Horse International.
- ↑ Sandy Schofield. Aliens: Rogue, p. 6 (1995), Bantam Spectra.
- ↑ Alien: Bloodlines Issue 4
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 John Hurt, Dan O'Bannon, Ronald Shusett, David Giler, Sigourney Weaver. The Alien Saga (2002), Prometheus Entertainment [DVD].
- ↑ Tim Lebbon. Alien: Out of the Shadows, p. 119 (2014), Titan Books.
- ↑ James A. Moore. Alien: Sea of Sorrows, p. 309 (2014), Titan Books.
- ↑ Christopher Golden. Alien: River of Pain, p. 234 (2014), Titan Books.
- ↑ John Arcudi. Aliens (2009 short story), p. 06 (2009), Dark Horse Comics.
- ↑ S. D. Perry. Alien: The Weyland-Yutani Report, p. 25 (2014), Insight Editions.
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 Aliens vs. Predator, Microsoft Windows version, Rebellion, 2010.
- ↑ A. C. Crispin, Kathleen O'Malley. Alien Resurrection, p. 56 (2015), Titan Books.
- ↑ A. C. Crispin, Kathleen O'Malley. Alien Resurrection, p. 50 (2015), Titan Books.
- ↑ S. D. Perry. Aliens: Labyrinth, p. 55 (1996), Bantam Spectra.
- ↑ Aliens: Labyrinth
- ↑ Ridley Scott, Laurence F. Knapp, Andrea F. Kulas. Ridley Scott: Interviews, p. 47 (2005), University Press of Mississippi.
- ↑ Shane Salerno (writer), The Brothers Strause (directors). Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem (2007), 20th Century Fox [DVD].
- ↑ James A. Moore. Alien: Sea of Sorrows, p. 307 (2014), Titan Books.
- ↑ Lee Brimmicombe-Wood. Aliens: Colonial Marines Technical Manual, p. 150 (2012), Titan Books.
- ↑ Aliens: Genocide
- ↑ Ridley Scott, Dan O'Bannon, Ronald Shusett, H. R. Giger, Ivor Powell. The Alien Legacy (1999), Sharpline Arts [DVD].
- ↑ Aliens vs. Predator - Audio Diary - Groves, H. G. – Entry 8
- ↑ Jack Palagen, Michael Green, John Logan, Dante Harper (writers), Ridley Scott (director). Alien: Covenant (2017), 20th Century Fox [Blu-ray].
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 41.4 41.5 41.6 Ridley Scott, Dan O'Bannon, Ronald Shusett, David Giler, Veronica Cartwright, Ivor Powell. The Beast Within: Making Alien (2003), 20th Century Fox [DVD].
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Mark Kermode, Ridley Scott, Jean-Pierre Jeunet, Dan O'Bannon, Ronald Shusett, Sigourney Weaver. Alien Evolution (2001), Nobles Gate Scotland [DVD].
- ↑ Ximena Gellardo, C. Jason Smith. Alien Woman: The Making of Lt. Ellen Ripley, p. 25 (2004), Continuum.
- ↑ Paul Scanlon, Michael Gross. The Book of Alien, p. 6 (1979), Heavy Metal Communications.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Mark Kermode, Ridley Scott, Dan O'Bannon, Ronald Shusett, Sigourney Weaver, H. R. Giger. Alien Evolution (Alien re-edit) (2003), 20th Century Fox [DVD].
- ↑ "Weyland-Yutani Archives - The Translucent Alien". Retrieved on 2013-04-30.
- ↑ H. R. Giger. Giger's Alien, p. 60 (1979), Morpheus International.
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "Monster Legacy - StarBeast – Prologue: Alien, Dan O'Bannon's Cosmic Horror". Retrieved on 2015-08-07.
- ↑ Alec Gillis, Tom Woodruff, Jr.. AVP: Alien vs. Predator: The Creature Effects of ADI (2004), Design Studio Press.
- ↑ "PlanetAVP". Archived from the original on 2008-02-24. Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
- ↑ "Forbiddenplanet.co.uk". Retrieved on 2008-02-29.
- ↑ Michael Jan Friedman. Aliens: Original Sin, p. 123 (2005), DH Press.
- ↑ Diane Carey. Aliens: Cauldron, p. 205 (2007), Titan Books.
- ↑ Scott Sigler. Aliens: Phalanx (2020), Titan Books.
- ↑ Steve Perry, Stephani Perry. Aliens vs. Predator: Prey, p. 125 (1994), Bantam Spectra.
- ↑ Alex White. Alien: The Cold Forge, p. 43 (2018), Titan Books.
- ↑ Alien Quadrilogy DVD box set
- ↑ With acheronsis instead of acheronensis, acherontea or acheruntica.
- ↑ The comic book Aliens versus Predator versus The Terminator includes the binomial name Linguafoeda acheronsis.
- ↑ "AFI's 100 YEARS...100 HEROES & VILLAINS". American Film Institute. Archived from the original on 2007-10-23. Retrieved on 2008-02-25.
- ↑ "History of Contra". Gaming Target. Retrieved on 2008-02-25.
- ↑ "IGN Presents The History of Metroid". IGN. Retrieved on 2013-09-17.
- ↑ Romy Ashby (2000). "The Talented Mr Giger". space.com. Archived from the original on 2000-08-19. Retrieved on 2008-02-25.
- ↑ Jody Duncan. The Winston Effect: The Art and History of Stan Winston Studio, p. 336 (2006), Titan Books.